Second Trimester of Pregnancy- from WebMD
As you enter your second trimester of pregnancy, the morning sickness and fatigue that plagued you during the last three months should be fading into unpleasant memories, leaving you feeling more energetic and like your old self again. With the real heavy lifting still a few months away, the second trimester is, for many women, the easiest three months of pregnancy. Take the time now, while you're feeling better and your energy is up, to start planning for your baby's arrival.
During the second trimester, your baby is growing quickly and your expanding belly is becoming a clear giveaway that you're pregnant. Your co-workers and friends may be wondering: "Is she pregnant, or has she just put on a few pounds?" If you haven't told everyone you're pregnant, now is a good time to do it.
Between your 18th and 22nd week of pregnancy you'll have an ultrasound so your doctor can see how your baby is progressing. You also can learn the sex of your baby, unless you'd rather be surprised.
Although you should be feeling better now, big changes are still taking place inside your body, and that means you will experience some symptoms. In this article, you'll learn what signs to look out for during your second trimester, and which ones are "red flags" that indicate you need to call your doctor.
Changes in Your Body
Backache. The extra weight you've gained in the last few months is starting to put pressure on your back, leaving it achy and sore. To ease the pressure, sit up straight and use a chair that provides good back support. Sleep on your side with a pillow tucked between your legs. Avoid picking up or carrying anything heavy. Wear low-heeled, comfortable shoes with good arch support. If the pain is really uncomfortable, ask your partner to rub the sore spots, or treat yourself to apregnancy massage.
Bleeding gums. About half of pregnant women develop swollen, tender gums. Hormone changes are sending more blood to your gums, making them more sensitive and causing them to bleed more easily. Your gums should go back to normal after your baby is born. In the meantime, try brushing with a softer toothbrush and being gentler when you floss, but don't skimp on dental hygiene. Studies have indicated that mothers with gum disease ( periodontal disease) may be more likely to go into premature labor and deliver a low-birth-weight baby.
Breast enlargement. Much of the breast tenderness you experienced during thefirst trimester should be wearing off, but your breasts are still growing as they prepare to feed your baby. Going up a bra size (or more) and wearing a support bra can make you feel more comfortable (you can go back to
Congestion and nosebleeds. Hormonal changes cause the mucous membranes lining your nose to swell, which can lead to a perpetually stuffy nose and (as your partner may have noticed) make you snore at night. These changes may also make your nose bleed more easily. Before using a decongestant, check with your doctor. Saline drops and other natural methods may be safer ways to clear congestion during pregnancy. You can also try using a humidifier to keep the air in your home moist. To stop a nosebleed, keep your head up straight (don't tilt it back) and apply pressure to the nostril for a few minutes until the bleeding stops.
Discharge. It's normal to see a thin, milky white discharge (called leukorrhea) early in your pregnancy. You can wear a panty liner if it makes you feel more comfortable, but don't use a tampon because it can introduce germs into the vagina. If the discharge is foul-smelling, green or yellow, bloody, or if there's a lot of clear discharge, call your doctor.
Frequent urination. Your uterus will rise away from the pelvic cavity during the second trimester, giving you a brief respite from having to constantly run to the bathroom. Don't get too comfortable, though. The urge to go will be back with a vengeance during the last trimester of your pregnancy.
Hair growth. Pregnancy hormones can increase hair growth -- and not always where you want it. The hair on your head will become thicker as pregnancy hormones extend its active growth phase. You may also be seeing hair in places you never had it before, including your face, arms, and back. Shaving and tweezing might not be the easiest options, but they're probably your safest bets right now. Many experts don't recommend laser hair removal, electrolysis, waxing, and depilatories during pregnancy, because research still hasn't proven that they are safe for the fetus. Check to see what your doctor recommends.
Headache. Combine the increased blood flow in your system with a lack of sleep and the added stress of preparing for your baby's arrival, and it's no surprise that headaches are one of the most common complaints during pregnancy. Try to get plenty of rest, and practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing. Aspirin and ibuprofen shouldn’t be taken during pregnancy, but your doctor may say it's OK for you to take acetaminophen (Tylenol) if you're really uncomfortable.
Heartburn and constipation. Uncomfortable gastrointestinal symptoms like heartburn and constipation, which started in your first trimester, will likely continue into your second trimester. They're caused by extra progesterone production in your body. This hormone relaxes smooth muscles, including the ring of muscle in your lower esophagus that normally keeps food and acids down in your stomach, and the ones that move digested food through your intestines. To relieve heartburn, try eating more frequent, smaller meals throughout the day and avoid greasy, spicy, and acidic foods (like citrus fruits). For constipation, increase your fiber intake and drink extra fluids to keep things moving more smoothly. Physical activity will also help move things along.
Hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are actually varicose veins -- swollen blue or purple veins that form around the anus. These veins may enlarge during pregnancy because extra blood is flowing through them and there is increased pressure on them from the growing uterus. Varicose veins can be itchy and uncomfortable. To relieve them, try sitting in a warm tub or sitz bath. Ask your doctor whether you can use an over-the-counter hemorrhoid ointment.
Quickening. By the midpoint of your pregnancy (20 weeks) you will probably have started to feel the first delicate flutters of movement in your abdomen, which is often called "quickening." If you aren't feeling your baby move yet, don't worry. Some women don't experience quickening until their sixth month of pregnancy.
Skin changes. Pregnant women often look as though they are "glowing" because changing hormone levels make the skin on the face appear flushed. An increase in the pigment melanin can also lead to brown marks on the face (often called the "mask of pregnancy") and a dark line (linea nigra) down the middle of the abdomen. All of these skin changes should fade after the baby is born. In the meantime, you can use makeup to conceal them. Your skin is also more sensitive to the sun right now, so make sure to wear a broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB protection) sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 whenever you go outside. You may also notice thin, reddish-purple lines on your abdomen, breasts, or thighs. These stretch marks emerge as your skin expands to accommodate your growing belly. Although many creams and lotions claim to prevent or eliminate stretch marks, there is little evidence that they actually do. Using a moisturizer can help soften your skin and reduce itchiness. Most stretch marks should fade on their own after you deliver.
Spider and varicose veins. Your circulation has increased to send extra blood to your growing baby. That excess blood flow can cause tiny red veins, known as spider veins, to appear on your skin. These veins should eventually fade once your baby is born. Pressure on your legs from your growing baby can also slow blood flow to your lower body, causing the veins in your legs to become swollen and blue or purple. These are called varicose veins. Although there's no way to avoid varicose veins, you can prevent them from getting worse by getting up and moving throughout the day and propping up your legs on a stool whenever you have to sit for long periods of time. Varicose veins should improve within three months after you deliver.
Weight gain. Morning sickness usually diminishes by the end of the first trimester. Now that you are no longer feeling sick to your stomach, your appetite should return, and will probably increase. Although food is looking much more appetizing, be aware of how much you're eating. You only need about an extra 300 to 500 calories a day during the second trimester, and you should be gaining about 1/2 to 1 pound a week.
Red Flag Symptoms
Any of these symptoms could be a sign that something is wrong with your pregnancy. Don't wait for your prenatal visit to talk about it. Call your doctor right away if you experience:
- Severe abdominal pain or cramping
- Bleeding
- Severe dizziness
- Rapid weight gain (more than 6.5 pounds per month) or too little weight gain (less than 10 pounds at 20 weeks into the pregnancy)
